Essay on Relationship Between Law and Morality - 1268 Words

In this essay I intend to discuss the relationship between law and morality through the perspectives of legal philosophers, I will provide a brief explanation of law, and what does law intend to achieve in the society. When discussing the relationship between law and morality I will consider the distinction between the theory of natural law and legal positivism and how these two theories influence each other and whether there is a legal or moral duty for the society to obey the law. Legal philosophers have tried to provide a brief explanation for the meaning of law; however their definitions have been vague and ambiguous. John Austin explained law as ‘something which is man-made and separate from morality and justice, furthermore provided†¦show more content†¦Law also provide facilities for people to make their own arrangements, law protect and facilitate different arrangements between people, and law settles disputes about what law is and whether a certain conduct conflicts with legal rules. It aims to create laws that are predictable, that are able to be easily analysed and understandable by the general society. Morality is what the society regard as right and wrong which is highly subjective, some legal philosophers believe that there is a certain moral standard which human laws must contain. Chapter 2 in The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 which is the Bill of Rights contains moral values which the country is based. Section 1 of the Constitution provides that South Africa is an independent sovereign, democratic state which was based on following values: ïÆ'Ëœ ‘Human dignity, achievement of equality and advancement of human rights and freedom, ïÆ'Ëœ Non racialism and non sexism.’ South African Constitution is entrenched with moral standards in the Bill of Rights, these is also noted in the case of S v Makwanyane where the court declared death penalty unconstitutional based on that it conflict on the right to life , human dignity and right not to inflict bodily harm. Natural law dictates and limits the scope in which positive lawyers can enact and enforce the law, as we note inShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Law And Morality909 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between law and morality is that law is specific and straight forward, whereas morality concentrates on what is wrong and right which makes it vague. Lord Patrick Devlin and John Stuart Mill have different opinions on law and morality. Devlin believes that we may not need common religion but need common morality and also that society should be prevented from harm. It should matter what society thinks about the good and right. Devlin is incorrect. As Mill would agree, the ultimateRead Mor eOliver Wendell HolmesView On The Relationship Between The Law And Morality1560 Words   |  7 PagesA substantial debate regarding the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897. This work outlined Holmes’ view on the relationship between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, the paper will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper willRead MoreOutline And Critically Evaluate Hart s Account Of The Relationship Between Law And Morality1951 Words   |  8 Pagesevaluate Hart’s account of the relationship between law and morality. Introduction: Natural law theorists believe that all law must be morally justified if it can be legitimised as law at all. Legal positivism means the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though in fact they have otherwise done so. (Hart, DATE) In Hart’s eyes, though there may be a congruence between law and morality, it is by no means a necessaryRead MoreThe Case Miller V Davis Case1302 Words   |  6 PagesDavis brought to light the complicated relationship between law and morality. Indeed, Mrs Davis a county clerk in Rowan county (Kentucky), is being sued for not delivering marriage licences to same sex couples as she believes that homosexuality is morally wrong. Thus, despite the fact that same-sex marriage has been made legal by the U.S Supreme Court since June 2015. Ought individuals to apply the law though it is in inadequacy with their moral beliefs? Do the law should be totally free from any moralRead MoreOliver Wendell Holmess Relationship With Morality1632 Words   |  7 PagesA substantial debate over the law’s relationship with morality exists within the legal system. This debate gained new perspective when Oliver Wendell Holmes published The Path of Law in 1897, which outlined his view on the relationship between the law and morality. This paper will first consider whether or not Holmes believed that a writing must be moral in order to constitute a law. Next, we will explore my general agreement with Holmes’ view on this matter. Then, the paper will consider an objectionRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives are known as the Natural Law theory and Legal Positivism. Natural law theorists claim that morality and law A significant debate on this topic was stimulated by Wolfenden Report 1957 in England which led to the famous debate between H.L.A Hart and Lord Devlin . The report is about the recommendation of legalising homosexuality and prostitution as law should not intervene within everyone’s private lives. This view was supported by Hart as he believed that the law should not enforce moral codesRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion and Ethics Essay972 Words   |  4 PagesTo answer this question, we must first understand what both ethics and morality are. As ethics is defined as the philosophical study of morality, those who study religion get their moral precepts from what they believe God says should be done. This perspective is not at all unexpected, because all religions apply a perspective on morality. Morality is defined as beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad- beliefs that can include judgements, values, rules, principles, and theories. Morals areRead MoreShou ld Laws Protect Individual Liberty or Benefit Civil Society1716 Words   |  7 Pagessimplest manifestation of law so as to create a civil society society where both individual liberty and normative goals are practiced. Should the the aim of law be primarily centered on the protection of individual liberty or, instead, the normative goals geared toward the benefit of of civil society? The laws in any society ought to not be centered on normative goals it ought to conjointly defend individual liberty. The current approach by the legal system seems to be that the law should maintain a commonRead MoreThe Morality Of Legal Official1573 Words   |  7 PagesB. The Morality of Legal Official There are two possible conceptions of legal official in Fuller’s account: the broad and the narrow conceptions. Both conceptions of legal official share the view that the legal officials should: (i) see themselves as the legal members within the legal system (ii) contribute in creating and in administrating the system of general rules (iii) constraint their law-jobs under the idea of ‘role morality’ to keep the law’s integrity in virtue of the maintain of humanRead MoreEquity s Role And True Nature Essay1695 Words   |  7 Pages‘equity’ refers to fairness, then in the case of the law its origins was based on addressing the shortcomings of the common law. Equity gave the people another way of accessing justice, with different remedies and bringing morality into the law. The place of morality in equity in its current position seemingly has changed, but if its presence is still relevant it does The quote from Sir Nathan Wright puts equity at a n assisting role to common law, which goes along with the early intentions of it.

International Organizations And The Humanitarian Efforts...

International organizations have continually been praised for their contributions in less developing countries. One of the main assumptions about international organizations is that they have a large influence on developments and advancements made within developing countries. International organizations do in fact have a large impact on the developing world, but it is hard to pinpoint how much they have contributed and continue to contribute in the field of development globally. This paper will examine how much impact IGOs and NGOs have by closely examining the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations, as an example of an international organization that addresses peace, stability, development, and solving social ills. First, a brief examination of the development that has occurred from the presence of IGOs and NGOs, and the conditions of a specific developing nation prior to the intervention of IGOs and NGOs. Second, a discussion of what this implies about international organizatio ns and development. Lastly, how international organizations can increase development. In conclusion, what this means for the influence of international organizations and development in less developed countries. The United Nations uses the United Nations Development Programme’s Human Development Index (HDI), the pinnacle tactic used to measure development around the world. The HDI ranks countries using several variables (e.g. life expectancy, education, and fertility rate) from the 1980-2014,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Un Collective Security Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pageselaborate on the foundation and purpose of the United Nations serves on a global scale by means of collectivity. Second, chapter four entitled Evolving Security Operations: Kosovo, East Timor, Sierra Leone, Lebanon, Sudan, Cote d’Ivoire, Libya, and Syria, provides specific examples of relations between the United Nations and individual nation-states, the progress the UN has made in developing countr ies, and how the resistance the UN faces affect the organization as well as the population they serve. ThirdRead MoreThe United Nations1385 Words   |  6 Pagessocially constructed and therefore allow for International Organizations (Ios), Non-Governmental Organizations (Ngos), and Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO’s), to take a key role in educating and pressuring other international actors (Rutherford, 2000). Many of these organizations give their outmost efforts and pour vast amounts of resources into establishing, shifting, and changing social norms. Unlike international state actors, these organizations have far less resources and their capacitiesRead MoreThe United Nations and Its Humanitarian, Peace and Security, and Economic and Social Agencies1641 Words   |  7 Pages CONTENTS 1. UNITED NATIONS 2. STRUCTURE OF UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES 3. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES 4. The United Nations Development Program -UNDP 5. The United Nations Childrens Fund -UNICEF 6. The United Nations Population Fund -UNFPA 7. HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS AGENCIES 8 .Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator 9. The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees -UNHCR 10. The World Food Program -WFP 11. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for PalestineRead MoreHumanitarian Intervention: Calling on the United Nations for Help1065 Words   |  5 PagesHumanitarian Intervention: Calling on the United Nations for Help The United Nations is an international organization that fights for world peace, and strives to control international law, international security, economic development, social progress, and human rights. In the United Nation’s preamble, it states the organization is â€Å"determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.† However, the U.NRead MoreBefore 1990 and the emergence of disaster risk reduction or (DRR), humanitarianism, which is fueled700 Words   |  3 Pagespreferred approach to disaster management. (Hannigan 42). Humanitarian action is taken on a moral claim and human rights are almost always based on a legal claim. Activism and humanitarianism have taken parallel courses in recent years, due to the fact that the basis for intervention has shifted from intervening states toward individual victims of abuses. (Hannigan 43). Not only has there been a shift in intervention, but in how responses to humanitarian emergencies victims find themselves are handled. IRead MoreThe Somalian Refugee Crisis Essay1375 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees announced, â€Å"Somalias drought and refugee crisis is the most severe humanitarian emergency in the world, (UNHCR, 2011). Although estimates vary, about 800,000 people have left Somalia seeking asylum. Most now reside in refugee camps in bordering Kenya and Ethiopia. Many trek for days with little or food to seek safety and assistance in refugee camps only to find conditions that are no better. Host nations and humanitarian organizations cannot supportRead MoreEssay on Cross Cultural Perspectives1036 Words   |  5 PagesCross-Cultural Perspectives Organizations come in many different forms and sizes. An organization is any entity that purses a mission or serves a purpose in a society or community. Businesses, governments, schools, charities, etc., are all different types of organizations. Society and communities in American and throughout the world rely on organizations to provide goods and services necessary for people to sustain life. In today’s world societies and nations are becoming more and more connectedRead MoreThe United Nations : The Treaty Of Versailles Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesThe United Nations. The name itself rings power. Upon hearing it, one thinks of safety and togetherness. However, we still have wars and live in fear of terrorism. So I wander why this organization exists. To find out why, we must go back to the beginning. It was World War I and chaos and turmoil abound. The Allied nations, in an effort to end the war, wrote the Treaty of Versailles which created the League of Nations. The League’s intent was to govern over the treaty as well as unite nations inRead MoreThe Un Security Council : An International Organization1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe UN Security Council, which is one of the United Nations five main organs, has the tools to limit ISIS’s power. And down the road effectively defeat them, as they are the most powerful international organization. However, the UN Security Council could also use some reconstruction in certain areas, as the structure and how things operate need to change. The threat of ISIS has dramatically undermined stability in Iraq and frankly, all of the Middle East. ISIS poses as a huge threat to peace andRead MoreThe United Nations A Success Or A Failure?1278 Words   |  6 PagesThe United Nations†¦a success or a failure? The United Nations is a widely controversial issue, with many people regarding it as a failure, and many others regarding it as a success. This essay will discuss the United Nations, viewing it as a success, with arguments supporting it. The United Nations promotes world peace and security. On the subject of matters the United Nations promotes, another one is human rights. An example of the United Nations promoting human rights is when they created the

Walt Whitman Research Paper - 1323 Words

Walt Whitman and the Civil War Walt Whitman is considered one of America’s greatest poets. During his lifetime, Whitman wrote hundreds of poems about life, love and democracy, among many others. In particular, Whitman’s poetry reflects the spirit of the age in which he lived, the Civil War. In taking a closer look at one of his most renowned and brilliant pieces, â€Å"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d†, three particular themes are observed; his love for nature, the cycle of life, as represented by both life and death, and rebirth. This poem was written around the end of the Civil War and after Abraham Lincoln’s death. As he was the president of the United States at that time, he is considered one of the most important leaders in†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d† is only one of many poems that Whitman wrote to pour out his feelings on the results of the Civil War. The poem was written as an elegy, which according to Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is a style of writing of a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for one who is dead (Merriam-Webster.com). Whitman wrote this elegy on the death of Abraham Lincoln, though it never really mentions the president by name, as a dramatization of his feeling of loss. Whitman’s theme of nature in this poem is clearly represented by three different and very specific things; the star, the lilac and the bird, or hermit thrush. Throughout the poem, he uses these objects continuously as symbolic representations of how he truly feels, and these are also an indication of how close he is to nature. The Civil War, in contrast, was anything but natural, or nature-like. Whitman was obviously against war and saddened by all the suffering endured by all of those involved in it. In the first part of the poem, Whitman describes his grief and mourning through his vivid imagery of all three nature symbols. He mentions how as spring returns, the lilacs blossom, and the star nearly droppd in the western sky (â€Å"Lilacs† 2). The star is a symbol for Abraham Lincoln. Whitman mourns the loss of the powerful western fallen star now coveredShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Walt Whitman And Dylan Thomas On The Subject Of Death1117 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUC TION This research paper will discuss and compare specific poems written by Walt Whitman and Dylan Thomas on the subject of death. Whitman and Thomas have each written several important poems on the subject of death. Each poet describes â€Å"death† in diverse and different ways, although both convey the emotions and views of the loved ones left behind after a death. Both poets do so in a very individual and personal way such as their written style permits. Walt Whitman He was born onRead MoreWalt Whitman s Life That Changed The Way Of Life1690 Words   |  7 Pages Corey Haldiman Goulette Research Paper Walt Whitman Walt used creativity, personal experiences and different ideas in his writing. He moved various times through his childhood, and that may have moved his personality to become slightly neurotic. He has done a lot of things in his life that has changed the way that future poets will write. Walt Whitman entered this world on May thirty-first, eighteen-nineteen in West Hills, New York. He was the second son among nine other children inRead MoreAnalysis Of Walt Whitman s Works And Pieces1452 Words   |  6 PagesJustin Polkowitz Mrs. Ryan Academic English 2 26 April 2015 Social Change Research Paper These writers and activists are strongly opposed to slavery, and oppression and want to obtain the same rights, social status, and equality as everyone else. They have identical goals that they want to fulfill and are well aware of the controversy that they will not ignore that society has to collaborate to resolve problems and issues in order to unify the nation as one. It is important that all races areRead MoreEssay on The Overachievers: The Secret Lives of Driven Kids895 Words   |  4 PagesFor many students this process is a simple-natural progression through a linear educational track in which no extra preparation, beyond a paper application, is required. However, for many students college preparation can begin as early as conception. Alexandria Robbins follows the stories of nine students from Walt Whitman High School in Bethesda, Maryland. Whitman is known for and could be summarized by a simple term in which Robbins’ book is also titled: Overachievers. The author e xplores the hecticRead MoreNaked Through The Eddies Of The Sea1780 Words   |  8 PagesJacqueline Bitetto Mr. Breig English 11H 9 March 2013 Naked Through the Eddies of the Sea â€Å"I feel ashamed to go naked about the world† (Whitman). Poetry, for many, is a comfort and a pleasure for the senses. But, for Walt Whitman, it was something much more. Poetry was a channel for his most profound emotions and a mass broadcasting of his entire being. In his beautiful words, he was able not only to convey both misery and elation to the masses, but absolute truth. His Leaves of Grass revealed soRead MoreStarry Night a Paint by Vincent Van Gogh Essay1823 Words   |  8 Pagesstruggles. My decision to research on Vincent’s painting, Starry Night (1889) came with the inspiration from Don Mclean’s Song, Starry Starry Night where his lyrics spoke about Vincent’s life that further intrigued me in writing this paper. In this paper, we will focus on examining Vincent’s painting, Starry Night. The paper will begin with a short introduction about Vincent where an analysis will be conducted to explore more into the painting. Subsequently, the paper will move on to explain howRead MoreEssay on Walt Whitman2286 Words   |  10 Pages Walt Whitman was looked upon as the forerunner of 20th Century poetry, praising democracy, and becoming a proclaimed poet of American democracy. He was known as the amp;quot;Son of Long Island,amp;quot; and he loved his country and everything about it. (Current, Williams, Freidel- page 292-293). Whitman lived during the time of the Civil War; a fact that increased his patriotism. Whitman was considered one of the most important American Poets of the 19th Century. (Encyclopedia of World Biography-Read MoreDavid Thoreau s Life And The Early Works Of The Poet2145 Words   |  9 Pagesthe poet William Blake all have tremendous importance to the development of Transcendentalism. These ideas and his contributions to the movement would also influence most markedly Henry David Thoreau’s short life and the early works of the poet Walt Whitman. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born on May 25th, 1803, in Boston, Massachusetts to William Emerson and his wife Ruth Haskins Emerson. Emerson attended the Boston Latin School and then went on to graduate from the Harvard School of Divinity in 1821. EmersonRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By Henry Wadsworth1548 Words   |  7 PagesNot only does Lincoln discuss that, but he also makes sure to thank the men who have fought in the war. He also reminded the people of what these soldiers fought for to give them the ideals that they take for granted I plan to use this speech in my research to talk about ideas that America associates and bases itself off of, and how those ideas influence the lives of Americans. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. â€Å"Paul Revere s Ride.† Poets.org, Academy of American Poets, 9 June 2017, www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/paul-reveres-rideRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem I 1679 Words   |  7 PagesPoem Research Paper Langston Hughes’s poem I, Too published in 1926 speaks at great length about the American identity: to be an American is an issue that transcends race, and all Americans should be treated equally. Writing from the perspective of an initially subservient African American, Hughes presents a story that begins in oppression and ends in triumph. A throwback to the prior institution of slavery, the setting of I, Too is confined to a single slave owner s house; yet, it paints an image

In This Next Step We Uncover The Metaphysical World Around

In this next step we uncover the metaphysical world around us. The first text is â€Å"About Meditating on God’s Unity,† by Bonaventure. In this text we reflect on the idea of being, the all-encompassing state that we fall under in every second of every moment we are doing anything. God, just like us comes under this category of being, as being comes not just from existence, but rather our essence. The next text comes from Elizabeth Johnson called â€Å"Speaking about the Living God,† which focuses on the name of God. God never tells us what God’s gender is; only that God is. So by assigning God a gender we limit the power that God has, by making God only male we limit the feminine side of God’s love as well as those who are uncomfortable with a†¦show more content†¦The demon readily believes the fallacy that one’s true self comes from taking care of the earthly body and live an easy life, while Indra finds out that the true atman comes from the disembodied self, or through living a life without earthly ties. The final text comes from Huston Smith, a converted Hindu, called â€Å"The Beyond Within†. This text elaborates more on the Hindu traditions of living a detached life. The best way to live this way is to embrace the world and all that it has to offer; in this way we can experience the joy and knowledge of the people and the world around us. All of these texts share a profound sense of ambiguity. They show us that we can never truly be sure if our metaphysical assumptions of the world are the correct ones. For example, in the more religious texts like Bonaventure, Johnson, Smith, and â€Å"The Chandogya Upanishad† we see various different ideas of who and what comprises god, and oddly enough all of them are correct. The beauty of ambiguity is that we can’t say that one idea about â€Å"what is† is the right one, because the Hindu appreciation of many gods has just as much proof as the Christian idea of one God. We also see this in the not so certain idea of the concept of â€Å"being† in texts like â€Å"Schrodinger’s Cat, â€Å" and â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave† both of which focus more on our perceptions of the world. Where we can be so uncertain what actually is the best state for us to be in, one of forced knowledge and certainty, orShow MoreRelatedExistentialism vs Essen tialism23287 Words   |  94 PagesExistentialism asserts that â€Å"existence precedes essence,† which is in opposition to the classical doctrine that â€Å"essence precedes existence.† The claim â€Å"existence precedes essence† is a rejection of the idea that human nature has an end or goal. In this sense, humans are free to choose their own destiny.   * is a philosophical term which asserts that there is a distinction between essential and non-essential (contingent or accidental) characteristics of an object. Essentialism assumes that objectsRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 Pagesof Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press and Journal of Consumer Research, IncRead MoreArt as an Embodied Imagination22095 Words   |  89 PagesConditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . The University of Chicago Press and Journal of Consumer Research, Inc. areRead MorePlenary Session69346 Words   |  278 PagesMBTI Personality Test Dear Future Chief Resident: The following test is designed to measure your MBTI Personality type. We will be discussing the theory behind this test, and the results it demonstrates, during the session on â€Å"Leadership and Personality Types† during the second day of the conference. The session will be much more valuable to you if you have completed this test PRIOR to the session. Completing the test should only take 15 minutes or so. You can complete it on paper, or can use aRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesupdated: April 26, 2016 Logical Reasoning Bradley H. Dowden Philosophy Department California State University Sacramento Sacramento, CA 95819 USA ii iii Preface Copyright  © 2011-14 by Bradley H. Dowden This book Logical Reasoning by Bradley H. Dowden is licensed under a Creative Commons AttributionNonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. That is, you are free to share, copy, distribute, store, and transmit all or any part of the work under the following conditions:Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesContemporary Issues in Management Accounting This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Issues in Management Accounting Edited by ALNOOR BHIMANI 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico

The Reconstruction Is A Revolutionary Movement Of The...

Most people believes that the South win in the period reconstruction with many different ways. The Reconstruction is a revolutionary movement of the United States. It changes aspects in history of the United States. It occurs after the American Civil War. The Reconstruction is one of the most controversial period America’s history. That is the period the South gets more benefit than the North. In my opinion, the most win of the South is that it has strengthened democracy about political, economic and societal security. I feel this way for three reasons, which I will explore in the following essay. To begin with, the South has strengthened democracy about political. Historians expert recognize that reconstruction changed the South in†¦show more content†¦It said no state could limit the rights of these citizens. Besides, It also help white Southerners could allow black men to vote or see their representation in federal government. The federal government guarantees that all Americans equality before the law (Roark 423). After, in February 1869 the Fifteenth Amendment was passed in by Republicans and it became part of the Constitution. The Fifteenth Amendment allowed black men voting nationwide. This was a progressive of political democracy (Roark 426).Those example, demonstrates how the South got to strengthen democracy in the reconstruction. Before and in the Civil War, the South had not democracy. I found out strengthened democracy about political because I saw all the promising hopes of the South. We always remember that we will able to construct freedom really great and lasting if we build on the one foundation, which is strengthened democracy in political. Secondly, the South has strengthened democracy about economic. After the Civil War, the South economic was terrible. There were many cities are ruined, factories, railroads, farms and plantations were destroyed (lecture). Reconstruction changed the economy of the South. The federal government, and private northern owner invested a large amount of capital into the southern economy. White land-owners dissolved their plantations into smaller pieces of land. They engaged these to

Consumer Behaviour Process in Tourism †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Consumer Behaviour Process in Tourism. Answer: The current study intends to examine tourism holiday as a study of consumption behaviour process that is influenced by several number of factors such as motivation, image, role of tourists, family behaviour as well as consumer models. In essence, the present study therefore intends to carry out extensive review of the entire body of knowledge on consumer behaviour, important notions, external influences, and fitting research contexts in present-day tourism. Thus, the current study intends to examine and identify the important exterior influences on tourism conduct as well as technology. Theme 1: Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities penned by Girish Prayag and Miguel Moital is a Journal article on consumer behaviour in tourism elucidates in detail the concepts, influences as well as opportunities (Cohen et al., 2014). This study thus intends to establish the link between the attitudes and behaviour in the planned behaviour of tourists. Other articles on consumer behaviour in tourism also intends to review the social along with psychological influences (ego-involvement, loyalty and commitment, novelty seeking as well as family decision making) on travel behaviour of individuals with the aim of generating a model of behaviour of tourist. These articles have the similar objective of examining various determinants of consumer behaviour that are essentially different classes of variables. Theme 2: The second theme of the article : Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities intends to review different perspective of tourist behaviour that can be reflected as a constant process that comprises of different inter linked steps as well as notions that essentially cannot be evaluated distinctly. Similarly, other journal articles also examine the main theories of consumer behaviour with special references to the theoretical studies highlighting on fundamentals on tourism studies, major determinants of consumer behaviour and motivation assessment (del Bosque San Martn, 2008). Thus, this study intends to institute the association between different perspectives of motivation of travel as well as study of motivation (that include the psychographic categorization, psychological approaches). Thus, these journal articles intends to critically analyse the correlated stages/factors in travel behaviour of consumers in hospitality management. Theme 3: The third theme essentially refers to the study of consumer behaviour that involves specific decisions, actions as well as ideas that can satisfy the needs of the consumers and wants (Wyer, 2011). It deals with understanding all the actions engaged in gaining, consuming along with disposing of diverse products as well as services counting the decision making procedure that can go before and follow the activities in tourist behaviour. Summary The study helps in reviewing the behaviour of consumer that is one of the most studied sections in the area of study of tourism. This current study therefore helps in understanding key concepts of consumer behaviour, different perspectives of motivation, sociological, psychological factors that can affect the consumer behaviour in the context of tourism. Thus, the consumer behaviour and marketing works can be enhanced by learning the high-class hedonic as well as affective features of tourism and the manner these can progressively tangled with different factors of consumption in everyday life as well as quality of life in common. Bibliography Cohen, S. A., Prayag, G., Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(10), 872-909. del Bosque, I. R., San Martn, H. (2012). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of tourism research, 35(2), 551-573. Ekinci, Y., Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of travel research, 45(2), 127-139. Fodness, D., Murray, B. (1999). A model of tourist information search behavior. Journal of travel research, 37(3), 220-230. Gilbert, D. C. (1991). An examination of the consumer behaviour process related to tourism. An examination of the consumer behaviour process related to tourism., 78-105. Wyer, D. L. (2011). Motivational influences in consumer behavior: The role of regulatory focus. ACR North American Advances.

Living Wage Shelter and Food

Question: Discuss about theLiving Wagefor Shelter and Food. Answer: Introduction Living wage is refer to the minimum income which is sufficient for a worker to ensure his basic needs, the needs are shelter, food. Clothes, provision for bad time etc. (Pollin, 1998). Though the definition of living wages are different according to different people and different countries. The first living wage campaigning had been seen in 1990s in US due to increased poverty. The workers and their families were facing poverty, so they came up with their demand of living wage and the community had won their living wage (Glickman, 1999). The living wage is different from minimum wage. Minimum wage means the minimum income is needed for subsistence for a worker and his family. The needs are only food cloth and shelter. In a country the minimum wage if fixed by the government of that country consulting with the business organizations and the trade unions. Living Wage-New Zealand In New Zealand the first living wage rate was $18.40 that was decided in February 2013. In this year the living wage rate of New Zealand has been increased to $19.80 an hour and it has been working from july1 2016. A research work has been conducted by Charles Waldegrave from Family Centres social policy research unit with the help of Dr. Peter King to calculate the wage rate of New Zealand (King Waldegrave, 2012). According to the Annie Newman, the convenor of living wage movement in New Zealand, it is very important to update the living wage rate time to time so that the workers can earn enough income and they can lead a spontaneous life with their families in the society. Business Strategy-Living Wage If the living wage is adopted by a business house instead of minimum wage then there are some changes can be observed in their business strategies. The living wage has both pons and cons. After adoption of the living wage the business house has got some benefits like less absenteeism, decreased turnover rate, less recruitment and training cost, increase in morality and loyalty and apart from this recognition for responsible employers (Adams Neumar, 2005). In an organization when the employees are doing their jobs spontaneously then the productivity of the organization is automatically increased. The management dont need to think about the motivation of the employees. There is no need for separate training and motivation strategy for the employees. The recruitment strategy of the organization is also changed. There is no need to recruit new employees frequently. Apart from this due to the increased productivity the marketing strategy of the organization is also changed. The STP (Segm entation Targeting Positioning) strategy is also changed to increase the sale of the product (Kotler, 2012). In New Zealand in this year the living wage rate has been increased from $18.40 to $19.80 so if the living wage is adopted by an organization in New Zealand then their business strategies are also changed. There have some disadvantages of living wage adaptation. Due to increase in living wage the salary and the wages are increased and the operation expenses are also increased. Then the organization have to increase the price of their products to recover the increased labour and operational cost. The pricing strategy of the organization is changed. It is difficult for management to rearrange the pricing strategy of the organization. Apart from this due to the increase in price some people are not willing to buy the product. Employee Motivation Due to increase in living wage employees are automatically motivated to do their jobs spontaneously because with the increased income they can lead a standard life in the society with their families. . They become more efficient and loyal to the organization (Milkovich et al., 2002). As a result less absenteeism can be seen in organization and the organization productivity is increased day by day. But there are some disadvantages of adopting living wage. The working employees of the organization become more motivated and more efficient to their work due to living wage but on the other hand, the organization dont need to recruit more employees. As a result unemployment is occurred. Many people of the society become unemployed and they have to face poverty. Where the living wage can help the workers to get rid of poverty on the other contrary some people become unemployed so they and their families are not able to lead a standard and spontaneous life in the society. Decision The effectiveness of living wage depends upon the market type where it is applied. Mainly in the monopsony market it is effective. Monopsony market is referred to that market structure where many would be seller are present of a particular product and only one buyer, who does interaction with them (Boal Ransom, 1997). Among Kiwifruit Industry in New Zealand Zespri is not the single seller of Kiwifruit. Poverty level and unemployment level of the society should be taken in consideration to take decision about the adaptation of living wage. In New Zealand unemployment percent was 5.3% in December 2015. It fell from 6.1% to 5.3%. But 28% of children are facing poverty. Almost 305,000 children are now present in below poverty level. The children are living in cold, they have not any work clothes, they are living in a crowded place, and they are not getting food, proper education (Adamson, 2012). So it will be helpful for them if the earning persons of their families are getting more inc ome. So if the business houses in New Zealand adopt the living wage instead of minimum wage they will get more motivated, efficient and loyal employees. So if the business houses have got the proper knowledge about the market and the social status of the country then they can take decision about the adaptation of living wage instead of minimum wage. Conclusion In this year living wage rate in New Zealand has been increased. The workers are more willing to do work in living wage system to get enough income for a standard living in the society. So the business houses can adopt this living wage system instead of minimum wage to increase their productivity. References Adams, S., Neumark, D. (2005). Living wage effects: New and improved evidence.Economic Development Quarterly,19(1), 80-102. Adamson, P. (2012).Measuring child poverty: New league tables of child poverty in the world's rich countries(No. inreca660). Boal, W. M., Ransom, M. R. (1997). Monopsony in the labor market.Journal of Economic Literature,35(1), 86-112. Glickman, L. B. (1999).A living wage: American workers and the making of consumer society. Cornell University Press. King, P., Waldegrave, C. (2012).Report of an investigation into defining a living wage for New Zealand. Living Wage Aotearoa New Zealand. Milkovich, G. T., Newman, J. M., Milkovich, C. (2002).Compensation(Vol. 8). T. Mirror (Ed.). London: McGraw-Hill. Pollin, R. N. (1998). The living wage: Building a fair economy. Kotler, P. (2012).Kotler on marketing. Simon and Schuster.