The Geranium

Date: 15/02/10 Title: The Geranium Text type: Short story Author: Patricia Grace This short story, ‘The Geranium', by Patricia Grace and published 1993, is a perfect example of Battered woman syndrome and the mental effects it has on a person in this case Marney. In the geranium, the main character, Marney is a stay at home mother. She cleans intensely all day and seems rather dull. She does not leave the house even when one of the girls tells her to â€Å"come for a stretch. † You know she is hesitant and you can feel that there is something stopping her from leaving. There seems to be a routine of non-stop cleaning, because when her friends, Sandra and Joe, come over this doesn't stop her from making sure things are clean, she even sets down paper to stop the floor getting dirty again. Her life is so boring that the highlight of her week is the arrival of the â€Å"paper that came on a Wednesday. † The paper is a widow to the outside world that she is no longer able to access. Although the paper shows her all kinds of things she could do and clubs she could enter, she can’t because of a mental block built up by the continuous abuse from Bob. The conflict becomes more clear with the return of Bob her husband. When Bob comes home he immediately starts demands what she has been doing all day. He asks questions about whether she’s been digging and cleaning and who’s been over. He is so controlling that he has to know ever little detail to make sure he does not â€Å"find out different. † When he finds out about â€Å"The Geranium† he tells her to â€Å"chuck that thing out. † This is a clear demonstration of his control, because Marney throws it away without question even though earlier we see that she really wanted it. These demonstrations of Bob’s dominance show us the reason for Marney’s resistance to leave for the shops earlier and why she finds the housework so important. The conflict is resolved when Marney throws out the Geranium at Bob’s command. This part of the story is significant because it is Marney’s chance to stand up for something she wants. We see earlier in the story that the Geranium is something that she has wanted; it is something to bring some colour into her dull, boring, grey life. A bit of change to brighten her days. But she is damaged from her abuse, and shows she has no freewill. Immediately faltering under Bob’s orders she â€Å"put it into [a] scrap bucket† as if it was of little matter to her. The â€Å"sink emptying† is her life being drained away. She watches as her life is taken away from here, because she was unable to speak up. She has let her chance slip away and has been doomed to the same dull days. I think the ideas that Patricia Grace is trying to get across is that; domestic violence isn’t all physical, that it can happen very much behind the scenes and the ways in which it can affect people. Although we get hints that Marney is physically abused such as; when Grace mentions that Marney â€Å"would put on her cardigan to hide her arm,† and when Bob grips her arm until it hurts, we never actually get any evidence of serious physical abuse. When the Sandra and Joe come over they dress Bob up as an amazing guy compared to their drunkard partners. Bob always has the groceries, and doesn’t come home drunk all the time. But behind the scenes he is very different from the picture the girls have made. He is threatening towards Marney and extremely controlling. He has scared into such an intense routine that she is no longer able to change that routine and is stuck to doing whatever he wants her to. This shows us that domestic violence can occur without the knowledge of the people that surrounding. Grace has showed us the way abuse can affect someone through the way Marney is. She has been so controlled by Bob that she can no longer even think for herself. She has ‘Battered Woman Syndrome’ and is completely under his control that she can not even reach out for help. These effects of her abuse show us how badly the aftermath of abuse affect someone just as bad as the abuse itself. The thing that I didn’t enjoy about this story is the style of writing. It is written in a boring way to emphasis the way Marney’s life is, and although it serves the purpose it left me feeling uninterested. What I did like the storyline. The way in which the conflict developed. I liked the way it starts off with what seems like Marney going about a normal day and then it turns into a day that that brings forth all her abuse and problems. Mainly starting with the arrival of her friends. These developments give us a great insight into a day in the life of Marney. And it is not a pretty picture.

Bosh the Rightful

â€Å"His Airness† – that’s what people call him. Michael Jordan is indeed one of the most notable of all sports superstars. Then came a surprise. Still in his prime and internationally recognized as â€Å"the best basketball player on the planet,† Michael Jordan closed the door on the most glorious NBA stint and walked away in 1997, leaving a tremendous void in the sport and raising the question of who will replace him as the game's ambassador and marquee play.Not since Muhammad Ali has an athlete so dramatically affected a sport on virtually every level — transcending basketball as a sport and becoming an international figure that probably would be recognized in some of the remotest spots in the world. Michael Jordan, born in 1963, is considered by many to be the greatest player in basketball history. The 6 ft 6 in (198 cm) shooting guard first became known as an explosive individual scorer, but as he matured as a player he adopted a more team-ori ented approach to the game.Jordan led the Chicago Bulls to six National Basketball Association (NBA) championships (1991-1993, 1996-1998). His widespread appeal to fans helped make basketball one of the world’s most popular spectator sports (Stein, 2005). After his retirement, what's the possibility of someone wearing the crown of a guy who brought an unprecedented level of excitement to the game, did things on the court that other players simply couldn't do – and made it look easy while he was doing it?What's the likelihood of someone sharing the pedestal with the guy who won three MVP awards, led his team to three consecutive championships, had seven straight scoring titles, boosted television ratings an average of 17 percent when the Bulls played, collected two Olympic gold medals, earned an estimated $36 million annually in endorsements, and was the top draw on the road, attracting an average of 18,433 fans per game in his last season? Not surprisingly, there's a p opular thought among Jordan fans who say there'll never be another Michael Jordan.However, there are new NBA rookies out there who might match the outstanding mark Jordan made in basketball history. Then, came Chris Bosh of Toronto Raptors. Chris Bosh was born March 4, 1984 and was number 4 in the NBA draft pick in 2003. A power forward, he’s a great inside and outside player. Few are blessed with his athletic prowess as he plays with a good amount of aggressiveness, but doesn't get out of control or lose his composure easily. His long frame and amazing fluidity, he runs the floor exceptionally well.Bosh doesn't have the perimeter skills of Kevin Garnett, namely shooting, but appears to like playing in the post more so than Jordan and could end up filling out into more of a dominating post player. Has great ball handling skills and really can pass the ball. He has some developed post moves and an advanced offensive game for a 21 year old. He can even step out to three point l and and hit a few long range shots. Most sports critics say, he understands the game well, doesn't make unnecessary moves, uses the drop step and jumps hook effectively.Because of his long arms, timing, and explosiveness, he is an excellent shot blocker. The team even goes to him to bring the ball up the court at times as a point forward. He is now dubbed as â€Å"Air Canada† comparable to Michael Jordan’s â€Å"Air Jordan† tag (Forrest, 2005). But, he’s more famous to the title as â€Å"The Future†. When the Raptors claimed the NBA title against the Chicago earlier this year, Bosh is getting a step closer in his path to equal Michael Jordan’s fabulous feats.No one might be comparable to Jordan now, but surely there will be â€Å"The Future† who might be giving us the hopes and the thrills of the game we just love, which is basketball. Works Cited Stein, Marc. â€Å"Michael Jordan. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2005 [CD-ROM]. Red mond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. Forrest, Ben. The Unveiling of Chris Bosh. Brock Press, Ontario, February 22, 2005. Acquired online last November 17, 2005 at http://www. brockpress. com/media/paper384/news/2005/02/22/Sports/The-Unveiling. Of. Chris. Bosh-872851. shtml? norewrite&sourcedomain=www. brockpress. com

Almodovars All About My Mother Analysis Film Studies Essay

Almodovars All About My Mother Analysis Film Studies Essay Pedro Almodovar is an auteur in Spanish national and art cinema. His films always explore the issues such as sexuality, transgender and women’s life where friends and lovers replace the parents and family. In a post-feminism point of view, he disestablished the feminism but highlights the positions of both female characters and actress. His works are more targeted to women and give female audience a resonance on motion. All About My Mother is a film Almodovar made in 1999. It stills an impressive work to discover the deep feeling of women when suffering from the dead of son and lover. The storyline describe a single mother Manuela witness his son die in a car accident when he run to ask for an autograph. And then she wants to find the father in Barcelona. In Barcelona, she meets her transgender friends, the lesbian couple and a young nun Rosa. The whole film interspersed with these several women’s interesting and dumbfounding stories. Some of them encounter the issues of transsexual or AIDS which make their characteristics more rounded. This title not only refers to Manuela but also point to women who were and would be mother, as well the actress. The opening scene is a smoothly and masterful camera movement in hospital. It follows the plastic infusion tube, with the blurred background and a sad music to heighten the atmosphere. The cast list in a bloody color fade in and out like the blood flowing. Without saying any word, just use a montage skill to show there is a patient or accident. Almodovar are the master of using misn-en-scene. The next scenes are still using camera movement show the medical machine. After the still of ECG, Manuela suffers the pain from death and faces other’s organ donation which she need to solve later (her son’s organ donation). Almodovar emphasises not only the mise-en-scene, but also the collocation of color. I think it is the aesthetics of Almdovar. The scene that Manuela cooking in the kitchen, the bl ue cupboard and the red cloth and tomato join together make a strong Almodovar style. Gathering blue and red maybe is a habitual technique of Almodovar. The son’s clothe is also blue and sit together with his mother’s red. In the bedroom of Esteban, this style gets more highlights. The red wall assembled with the blue bed and chair. I can see red everywhere for instance later Huma’s hair and cloth as well. The film is filled with references. At the beginning, Manuela and her son sit on sofa and watch the old Hollywood film All About Eve (Joseph L. Mankiewicz, 1950, USA). That movie talking about the actress named Eve, the same way was used to reflect the story in All About My Mother, it talk about mothers and women who have relationship with acting. In All About Eve, they also mention the fans and acting issues. When watching the film, the son Esteban finds that the Spanish television station always changes the title of the movies and use dub instead of original sound track which are references from the society. In this scene, Esteban writing on his notebook has a brilliant camera angle. The camera use both the POV of Esteban and the notebook, we can see Esteban writing ‘Todo sobre mi madre’ (original title in Spanish) from his hand moving. Then the title of this film appeared very smoothly. After watching the film, Manuela shares the only half photo she took when she was a actress. The camera follows the cracks and down while shows Esteban looking at the picture and later he will mention that the other half would be his ‘father’.

Final Assignment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Assignment - Term Paper Example There will be injustice in screening the applicants for various jobs. This issue has brought tension among the employees around the mentioned states. Employees have also feared in asking for money lending since its mandatory that they may be unfairly charged during the payment of debts. A great concern is for provisions pertained in these laws because it subjects these employers too much criminal and civil punishments. The exposure of these penalties to the workers is dangerous and it may cause a drop in hiring of employees in private sector. It is also worth noting the requirements in this legislation since it is harsh to the private sector than the government sector and this therefore will cause a problem to the people of Ontario. All the applicants who have reached the final stage of being given a chance go through a thorough inspection for criminal record and this may eliminate a person at this step. Even though the solutions being worked on by the City Council of Ontario are supported, the unintended punishments of allowing this bill would likely deter the business environment in this city of Ontario and regulate job growth as new firms or current employers planning to expand may choose to do so In a neighboring state without this restrictive hiring method. Molding job opportunities in the private field for ex-offenders is an issue of great concern by the city lawmakers, but it would be highly productive to give incentives to businesses to achieve this goal than for authority to command and scare them. The policymakers think that this project will decrease crime in Ontario City but it will be more of negative to the workers than benefit them. Nonetheless, the idea seems to brush away the whole city. Under these laws, job request cannot include a â€Å"box† asking about criminal history although employers can do background checks later in the progression. This policy has many things to correct it. Many of the criminals undergo ordinary

The differences and similarities between the democrat party and the Essay

The differences and similarities between the democrat party and the republican party - Essay Example An ideological debate causes a more emotive response in individuals than does any other. The 9-11 attacks, abortion, the war in Iraq, the loss of civil liberties, global warming, evolution, health care, gay marriage, stem cell research and many other politically motivating subjects ignite emotional ideological battles. The terms conservative and liberal usually are attached to one’s stance on social issues. Liberals historically have proved to be very conservative regarding fiscal, Constitutional and foreign relations matters. Conservatives align themselves with the socially conservative religious faction of society. Of course, both ideologies share much in common, the want for peace and prosperity, the love of country and family for example. However, the differences are sharp, extensive and have existed in this country since the Rebels and Loyalists took separate sides of the political fence. The tenets of Liberalism proclaim a strong conviction in democracy and belief that the constitutional authority of the people will limit a powerful, expansive government. Liberal legislative leadership, partly through necessity, has instigated steady governmental growth well beyond where the architects of the constitution and most citizens would favor. Conservatives are against the government regulating corporations but are very much for legislation that regulates the private conduct of individuals and for advancing their religious agenda regardless of the damage to civil rights and liberties or the scientific or constitutional evidence that is contrary to their opinion. Abortion, stem cells, teaching evolution and gay marriage are preeminent examples of current ideological debates between conservatives and liberals. Those of a conservative ideology are against legalizing abortion. They believe it to be murder and are crusading to save babies’ lives. However, conservatives are also against funding prenatal care

Human Cloning is Immoral Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Cloning is Immoral - Personal Statement Example This Dolly was produced by a cell picked from the udder of an adult sheep. This could also have applied to cells picked from the nose, lungs, skin or elsewhere else. Cloning is not a new invention. There are instances of cloning that occur naturally, for example, some instances the reproduction of aphids and the use of runners in the propagation of some plants like strawberries. In human beings, identical twins are natural clones (Cernaj and Cernaj, 207). Despite the existence of natural clones even among the human race, artificial production of such persons is immoral and a threat to the human society. First, it should be noted that for the technique to be more efficient, it will require a lot of experimentation and the achievement of more refined human products will only be possible at the expense of having deformed babies. This is so inhuman. Who will be ready to own these deformed individuals? In any case, extreme cases of deformities could prompt the killing of such persons. Although the cloning of beautiful women, geniuses, and people of high integrity could be a very nice idea, no one can block the inclusion of bloodthirsty tyrants like Lenin and the likes of Hitler. This means that cloning puts the human society at risk of having a pool of such dreadful men. If many people were cloned from one person, it would pose such a great task for criminologists because it would be difficult to trace the exact criminal among them all. The above is true especially if there was no proof of fingerprints left at the scene of a crime. This will mean that all the clones have to be arrested and investigated thoroughly. If cloning was done basically to reproduce geniuses, this would threaten the survival of other people in the society. This is because such people will take up the top jobs in the society as the rest scramble for the low positions. It will also make the existence of those persons with lower mental abilities to be nearly impossible.

Self-perception of young female and male students from Somali ethnic Essay

Self-perception of young female and male students from Somali ethnic group in Britain today - Essay Example Because of the changing structure of the education institution in Britain as well as the failure of several schools to sufficiently and fairly train or educate marginalised ethnic groups, such as the Somalis, an emphasis on issues of ethnic identity has emerged in relation to curriculum (Rutter, 2003, 29). Motivating a great deal of ethnic identity literature is frequently inherent and at times clear assumption that exposing students from disenfranchised ethnic groups to academic discussions of their own culture improves their mental and emotional security (Desforges, 2003, 42). Hence, the purpose of this study is to find out the current perceptions of Somali students in Britain of their own ethnic identity in order to ascertain the ‘best practices’ that may be applied to diversity management in the British education institution. 1.2. The researcher is confident that this study will provide an opportunity that would encourage critical reflection in Somali students of the ir ethnic identity. This study hopes to raise issues of group belongingness, conflict with the mainstream group, and individual identity. Certainly, the researcher views this subject matter as one valuable response to counteracting the failure of the British education institution to adequately and justly educate Somali students. ... r acknowledges that ethnicity is just one level of ethnic identity of students and that a variety of other variables influence how students understand their history and sense of group belongingness. 1.4. The potential users of this research are education practitioners such as school administrators and teachers. Understanding of the phases of ethnic identity development can aid teachers in correctly interpreting their students’ responses when they experience culturally or ethnically charged problems. And most importantly, Somali students as well as their families can use this research to understand their current situation in Britain and the possible means of dealing with issues of ethnic identity. 1.5. This study will try to answer the following research questions: 1. How do Somali students in Britain perceive their ethnic identity today in terms of their: a. relationship with their teachers; b. their socialisation experiences in school; c. their experiences with instructional practices and classroom curriculum. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Introduction London has the biggest Somali population at present. Somalis, in 2002, were reported as the biggest immigrant groups in London schools (Rutter, 2006, 177). Settlement patterns in the UK are influenced by ethnic identity. That ethnic identity establishes settlement patterns in UK schools possibly will have distinct groups of Somali children, with different experiences (Kassem, Mufti & Robinson, 2006, 91). A UK-born Somali child, for instance, will have distinct experiences from a child who immigrated from Mogadishu (Rutter, 2006, 177). Clan membership in the UK is less significant among migrant groups before 1988 but it remains extremely significant among new immigrants (ibid, p. 177-178). Memories of violence and

A study of the conservatives and the democrats Term Paper

A study of the conservatives and the democrats - Term Paper Example A free market is one which there is very little government interference. The forces of demand and supply are left to align themselves accordingly depending on the market situation at hand. Communism is stated to be a great enemy to mankind because it generally deals with taking from the rich and giving to the poor. Communism further advocates for equality between all citizens in terms of wealth. He further emphasizes that the government is closest to the people and therefore will give what is best to the people. He advocates that all American citizens should be left to work on their families and wealth on their own with little government interference. This wisdom of conservatism he furthers states has been attained from generation to generations of individual experiences of past leaders and past nations. The Government shall intervene when an individual impinges the right of their neighbor and will also assure equal opportunity to all citizens and will also be passionate in caring fo r the disabled individuals. The Government will cater for the individual instead of groups so as to ensure all individual maintain their dignity and identity. It will further prevent excessive taxation, extreme controls, and oppressive competition with business and frustrated minorities. This are not factors that conservatism favors. President Reagan generally therefore advocates for freedom of the American people with little interference from the government. This is therefore the underlying principles of conservatism in America. All individuals are given equal opportunity and therefore what differentiate the individuals is their ambition and their hard work to work towards their goals and dreams. Maria Cuomo emphasizes that despite the fact that America is a nation which is blessed and is termed a shining city in the hill, there are still some who are very disadvantaged compared to others. She states that the conservatism that President Reagan is advocating for is survival for the fittest and that Government cannot do everything. This she states is taking care of the rich to make them richer and to hope that the charity of the American people will cater for the less fortunate. Metaphorically what falls from the table will be enough for the middle class and those struggling to enter the middle class. She states that democracy principles are not stating things that the Government cannot achieve but is saying things that it will fulfill. The Government should be humanitarian in that it should not look at the struggles of the middle class and the lower middle class blindly but should try and help them in their struggles. She therefore advocates for a government that cares, that loves and is compassionate and is able to interfere in peoples lives. This interference should be in a manner that should decrease the suffering of the masses instead of just taking care of the few rich. She further states that democrats believe in the privacy of the individual but the ope nness of the government. The democrats are also against war because life is better than death. The government should therefore operate with an idea of family, mutuality, sharing of benefits and burdens for the good of all. It also should advocate sharing of another’s blessing reasonably, honestly, fairly, without racial segregation, or sex, or geography or political affiliation. The democratic principles

Use academic literture and to apply theory in examining a chosen Essay

Use academic literture and to apply theory in examining a chosen ethical or social marketing issue - Essay Example Therefore, marketing managers have the responsibility of ensuring that they reduce advertisements that encourage underage drinking (Mohan, 2009, pg 27). This can be done by creating public awareness of the dangers of alcohol consumption. They should set out well-coordinated efforts aimed at reducing underage drinking by fostering mature and responsible drinking habits to adults Panda (2010) defines advertisement a mass communication medium; thus, require managers to exercise social responsibility. The marketing managers are required to provide correct information about the products and services that they promote (Andreasen, 2011, pg29). This is critical in giving consumer adequate information to make correct choices. Understanding the responsibility towards the public is critical since it has a positive and negative consequences. Imperatively, the consumers’ protection groups and government provide criticism on advertisements. In many cases, they base their arguments on companys manipulative and deceptive reasons (Panda, 2010,pg37). Many consumers focus their attention on the environmental and social effect of advertisements. Other concerned with the commercial clutter, offensiveness, stereotypes, and value system. For instances, labels designed for alcoholic beverages in retail places have pictures of an older person and not children to avoid allur ing the youth and children. Marketing managers have the responsibility of ensuring that their advertisements meet the ethical norms. In essence, they need to ensure that the messages do not harm the political, social, and morals standards in the society (Lamb, 2011, pg8). Ethical advertisements are those that have limits on decency, does not lie, and don’t make false claims. It can be observed that many advertisements are exaggerative. The sole reasons for marketing managers are to increase their sales. Many are forced to make a false representation by presenting colorful, decorated, and

Energy Society Essay Example for Free

Energy Society Essay The Kyoto Protocol The official name of the Protocol is The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is an agreement by 165 countries for mandatory targets for the reduction of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. These gases—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and several fluorinated gases are believed to contribute significantly to global warming. The targets of the Protocol are primarily industrialized countries, which are expected to reduce their combined emissions to 95% of 1990 emission levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol was agreed on in 1997, although it only took effect in 2005. Between the years 1990 and 2000, the overall emissions of industrialized countries have been reduced by 3%, but largely because of the drastic reduction of emissions from former Soviet countries because of their failing economies. Other industrialized countries overall had an increase of 8% emissions. It is estmated that emissions from industrialized countries will be 10% above 1990 emission levels by the year 2010. For industrialized countries, the emission reduction target of the Kyoto Protocol is only around 5%, and many climate scientists are concerned that this is not enough to curb the effects of global warming. They believe that in order for the agreement to actually help solve the problem, the emission rates would be cut down by 60%. This has led to the opinion that the agreement lacks real value, more so without US backing. However, advocates believe that the Protocol lays out the groundwork for future negotiations. Emission reduction laws were already signed in many countries and would continue to take effect even when the Protocol itself has ceased to exist. â€Å"Happy Kyoto Day† – http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002119.html This site has an unusual approach to the problem of determining the Kyoto protocol’s merit. According to the author, â€Å"In and of itself, the Kyoto treaty wont solve global warming or avert disastrous climate disruption.† The author states that the protocol is essentially a catalyst. It will put the world in an environmentally aware mindset—even if the Kyoto protocol fails, it will force the world to come up with something better. It will also encourage economic changes that strive towards greater efficiency and sustainability. Lastly, the protocol â€Å"is a symbol, a conscious step in the right direction for the planet. â€Å"Kyoto global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?† – http://uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42 According to this site, â€Å"global warming alarmism† is indeed the â€Å"mother of all environmental scares.† The author states that it is definitely not settled whether human activity has had any significant effect on global warming; global warming is a theory, not a fact. Some effects of the Kyoto protocol would include â€Å"impoverishing the USA and creating intense disaffection within the ranks of the working classes.† Basic necessities would become very expensive. â€Å"Electricity would double in cost, fuel would skyrocket.† Lastly, the author claims that the Kyoto protocol is a political â€Å"device to lead the Social Communists closer to world dominion.† One of the worst effects that global warming could have would be the rise of sea levels, due to the melting of ice caps and to thermal expansion of the world’s waters. A hundred years from now, if the worst global warming predictions come true, millions of people will be displaced from their homes, which will be submerged. This will have drastic economic and cultural impacts. The effects of the mass displacement on the economy could reach far into the future. The loss of farmland, of business districts, etc. may spawn another (much worse) Great Depression in many areas. Forced cultural dispersion will be commonplace, making the ubiquitous problem of the generation gap much more considerable. Many people who would call themselves environmentalists would not necessarily have good knowledge of environmental issues. They may pay lip service to the environmentalist cause without inconveniencing themselves in any respect to protect it. But I would venture to say that a majority of those who call themselves environmentalists would be willing to go out of their way to ‘serve’ the world. However, it is certain that, as in other controversial issues, there would be much hypocrisy. If by ‘environmentalists’ we mean those who are—or claim to be—‘concerned’ about the environment, then certainly most of them would just be claiming belief in the cause, but be too lazy. In them would be an awareness of an ideal—the preservation of the environment—but a lack of initiative, probably because of the lack of any immediate incentives. References    Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Greenhouse Office, Available at: http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/international/kyoto/index.html The Kyoto Protocol, New Zealand Ministry for the Environment, Available at: http://www. climatechange.govt.nz/about/kyoto.html Cascio, Jamais, 2006, Happy Kyoto Day, Available at: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002119.html Kyoto global warming: good stuff or part of a dark conspiracy to dominate the world?, 2006, Available at: http://uspolitics.tribe.net/thread/e4978f31-0439-4b70-bbf3-f0ce93a09a42 QA: The Kyoto Protocol, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/ 4269921.stm The Kyoto Protocol A brief summary, 2006, European Union, Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ environment/climat/kyoto.htm Kyoto Protocol, 2006, Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., Available at: http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Protocololdid=80236719 Kyoto Protocol comes into force, 2005, BBC News, Available at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/ science/nature/4267245.stm

RF Propagation Pathloss Model

RF Propagation Pathloss Model Introduction What is the need of RF Propagation Model? In wireless communication the transmitted signal propagates in space i.e the radio signal. Wireless communication system is the most widely used communication system now a days and communication took place in such system with the help of radiowave in space. Thus a detailed analysis and study of radiowave propagation is required and it is a very important aspect before we finally design and implement a wireless communication system. When we talk about the communication through a wired line medium such as RF Coaxial cable or twisted pair cable or optical fiber provides reliable communication with minimum pathloss as signal is well secured in it from the atmospheric distortions. Though the laying and maintaining of the wired medium takes time and is cost effective as well but it is reliable means of communication. on the other hand communication in such medium i.e. in wireless communication is quite unreliable and unsecured. In wireless communication a limited operating frequency bandwidth is available for communication as it has many other applications of radiowave propagation in space. Every communication system is designed with some specific objectives of providing continuous communication services to mobile subscribers that are present in the service area i.e. the area upto which the operator will provide communication services. But as we studied earlier a good quality service can only be obtained if loss of transmitted signal will be minimum and maximum signal will reach at receiver end. The design can be optimized only when the parameters under which a system has to operate are fully understood whether the frequency band allocated or the height of antenna, distance between transmitter and receiver, and the most important is the pathloss and an estimation of received signal level at the receiver end. If proper radio analysis is done than it will be of great use to design a network and implement it in hardware level with proper and desired results which are expected from a system. The most important design parameter in mobile communication system is to achieve the desired signal coverage as the basic purpose of operator is to serve the subscribers in a specified service area. Whenever a system is designed it is designed for some specific aims and that is to provide a better service to subscribers with in the range for which the services are introduced but if we directly implement the system without checking it whether the system is giving desired output or not and directly implement it than if it is not performing according to ones expectation the system will be wasted and soon our efforts so it is the most important factor to check and calculate the pathloss. Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss model Different models were developed which are empirical in nature that means they are developed based on the collection of data in specific areas. Data must be sufficient enough so as to study the losses that may happen in any specific area, so that on the basis of that data one can come to a conclusion as propagation models does not tell the exact pathloss that may happen but it will tell the most likely behavior of the link under some defined conditions. Mainly RF Propagation Models can be classified as below: Basically RF Propagation models can be classified into three main categories which can be classified as above defined. Empirical models Semi-deterministic models Deterministic models The Basic classification of RF Propagation Pathloss Models can be seen in the above figure 3.1. Three kinds of models Figure 3.1 Classification of RF Propagation Pathloss Model Empirical models : based on measurement data, simple (few parameters), use statistical properties, not very accurate. Semi-deterministic models : based on empirical models + deterministic aspects Deterministic models : site-specific, require enormous number of geometry information about the cite, very important computational effort, accurate. Every Model is defined for a different and a specific environment and for different cells. Cells in a mobile communication is nothing but a geographical area covered by a telephone transmitter. cells can also be divided into three main types and they are as follows: Macrocell Microcell Picocell Macrocell The area of largest coverage. Macrocells are used to described the widest range of cell sizes. Example : An Entire City. It covers the area upto 1-5 km long. Microcell The area of intermediate coverage. Mainly the range of microcell is less than two kilometers. It covers the area upto 100- 1 kilo meters. Pico cell A picocell is a small cellular base station which covers a small station such as in buildings, offices, shopping malls etc. It covers the area upto 500 meters. From the above figure we can understand the concept and coverage area covered by a macrocell, microcell and picocell. Representation of macrocell, microcell, picocell A table is shown where different cells and the area covered by those cells i.e Macrocell, Microcell, and picocell is shown in table 3.1.3. Table 3.1.3 Different cell sites and area they covered. Different RF Propagation Pathloss models are defined for different cells which can better perform on different cells and better results can be obtained. Now the cells and the models defined for it will be described. Okumura-Hata model It is the most popular model which is based on the empirical information obtained from measurements in japan.(okumura 1965). The okumura Hata predicts the Pathloss L between the transmitter and receiver taking into considering the frequency, the distance between transmitter and receiver, height of antenna, terrain type.this model fits best for urban and suburban areas. General formula The general formula for the path loss L according to the Okumura-Hata model is: L = a0 + a4 ·logf a2 ·loghb a ·hm + [a1 – a3 ·loghb] ·logd Lc, where a0, a1, a2, a3, and a4 are adjustable parameters Specific formulas The path loss L can be found by the standard path loss formulas for GSM-900, GSM-1800, and GSM-1900 according to the Okumara-Hata model. GSM–900 formula The path loss formula for GSM-900 is: L = 69.55 + 26.16 ·logf 13.82 ·loght a ·hm + [44.9 – 6.55 ·loght] ·logd Lc. GSM–1800/1900 formula The path loss formula for GSM-1800/1900 is: L = 46.3 + 33.9 ·logf 13.82 ·loght a ·hm + [44.9 – 6.55 ·loght] ·logd -Lc Where, L= Pathloss fc=frequency of transmission ht=antenna height ar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the in area Lc=correction factor for different terrains. Correction factor for different clutter classes is determined according to okumura hata model and following is the table 3.1.4 which shows the clutter classes and correction factor for it. Table 3.1.4 Correction factor defined according to okumura Hata Model Cost 231 Hata Propagation Model A Model that is widely used for predicting pathloss in wireless system operating from 500 MHz to 2000 MHz is the cost 231 Hata Model. It contains correction factor for Urban, suburban and open rural environment. The general expression for calculating pathloss in the urban area as given by COST 231 Hata model is: Lpch(urban)db)=46.3 + 33.9logfc 13.82loght ar + (44.9-6.55loght)logr + Cm where, fc=frequency of transmission ht=antenna height ar=correction factor for effective mobile antenna height which depends on the size of the coverage area. Cm =3db for urban environments and 0db for suburban or open environment Walfisch-Ikegami model The Walfisch-Ikegami model is more recent than the Okumura-Hata model. It is based upon the deterministic models of Walfisch, Ikegami, and Bertoni. It works in 2 cases : LOS and NLOS LOS (Line of sight) LLOS [dB] = 42.6 + 26 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz] NLOS (Non line of sight) LNLOS [dB] = LFS + Lrts (wr, f, ΔhMobile , ÃŽ ¦ ) + LMSD (ΔhBase, hBase, d, f, bS ) LFS = free space path loss = 32.4 + 20 log10 d[km] + 20 log10 f [MHz] Lrts= roof-to-street loss LMSD= multi-diffraction loss But it has some restrictions which are as follows: Frequency f between 800 MHz and 2000 Mhz TX height hBase between 4 and 50 m RX height hMobile between 1 and 3 m TX RX distance d between 0.02 and 5 km Longley – Rice Propagation Model The Longley Rice Propagation model also known as irregular terrain model. It basically calculates large scale median propagation loss relative to free space loss propagation loss over irregular terrain. It is mainly applicable for point to point wireless communication system. It operates in the frequency range from 40 MHz to 100 GHz. It is mainly used for frequency planning in television broadcasting. The modified model can also be used for radio wave propagation in urban areas for mobile communication. The Longley – Rice propagation models has two parts: model Area to area prediction model. Point to point prediction model. The area to area is used when path profile is not given but point ot point is used when detailed path profile is given. But, the main drawback of this model is that it doesnot consider the effect of multipath, foliage, buildings and other environment factors. Two Ray Point to Point Propagation model The point to point propagation model is a basic system design tool that is used to generate a signal coverage map, an interference area map, or a handoff occurrence map. In many mobile communication system the maximum distance between the cellsite and the mobile is at the most only a few tens of kilometers and surface is assumed flat. A simple two ray model can be used to predict pathloss and received signal strength. Lpch = 40 log r – 20 log ht – 20 log hr Thus it implies that the propagation pathloss in a mobile communication Lpch increases by 40dB for every increase in distance by 10 times. If the cellsite antenna height is doubled, there will be reduction in pathloss by 6dB. The two ray model is found to be reasonably accurate for predicting the large scale received signal strength over distances of several kilometers for mobile radio communication system that use tall cellsite towers and los microcell application in urban area.